Types of Employment
– Employees and employers
– An employee contributes labor and expertise to an employer or business.
– Employees are hired to perform specific duties packaged into a job.
– In a corporate context, employees provide services to a company on a regular basis in exchange for compensation.
– Employees do not provide services as part of an independent business.
– The relationship between employees and employers is based on regular employment.
– Independent contractor
– Independent contractors are often hired for gigs in the gig economy.
– To be classified as an independent contractor, an agreement must be made regarding the finished work product and the contractor controls the means and manner of achieving the outcome.
– Independent contractors offer services to the public at large and are responsible for their own expenses and tools.
– The relationship between independent contractors and clients is often evidenced by a written agreement.
– The default status of a worker is an employee unless specific guidelines are met.
– Wage labor
– Socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer
– Worker sells their labor under a formal or informal employment contract
– Transactions occur in a labor market where wages are market-determined
– Work product becomes the property of the employer, except for special cases like intellectual property patents
– Dominant form of work arrangement in modern mixed economies
– Employment contract
– Agreement between employer and employee
– Regulated by different laws in different countries
– Australia governed by the Fair Work Act
– Bangladesh has the Bangladesh Association of International Recruiting Agencies
– Canada has formal complaints brought to the Ministry of Labour
– Types of employment contracts
– Germany has Werksvertrag, Arbeitsvertrag, Zeitarbeit, and Arbeitnehmerüberlassung
– India has options for fixed term or permanent contracts
– Pakistan has no fully implemented contract labor laws
– Philippines employment regulated by the Department of Labor and Employment
– Sweden has test employment, time-limited employment, and normal employment
Employer-Worker Relationship
– Employer-worker relationship
– Employers have control within an organization and must balance interests such as wage constraints and labor productivity.
– Control forms the link between desired outcomes and actual processes.
– Employers must achieve a profitable and productive employment relationship.
– Employer control has implications for staff and productivity.
– Employers must balance interests to create a successful employment relationship.
– Labor acquisition / hiring
– Employers find workers through job listings in newspapers and online job boards.
– Professional recruitment consultants help employers find suitable candidates.
– Help Wanted signs are a traditional approach to finding employees.
– Evaluating employees can be laborious, but assessments can be used to measure skills and talents.
– Employers and potential employees get to know each other through job interviews.
– Training and development
– Training and development equip newly hired employees with necessary skills.
– It helps employees grow within the organization.
– Appropriate training improves employee job satisfaction.
– Employers make efforts to train and develop employees.
– Training and development contribute to employee growth and job satisfaction.
Age-related Issues
– Youth employment
– Youth employment rate in the US is the ratio of employed persons (15–24Y) to total labor force (15–24Y).
– Young workers are at higher risk for occupational injury and face certain occupational hazards at a higher rate, especially in high-risk industries.
– Young workers have a higher risk for motor vehicle accidents at work due to less work experience and higher rates of distracted driving.
– Those under the age of 17 are restricted from certain types of driving to mitigate the risk.
– High-risk industries for young workers include agriculture, restaurants, waste management, and mining.
– Older age workers
– Workers older than the retirement age may continue to work for enjoyment or necessity.
– Depending on the nature of the job, older workers may need to transition into less-physical forms of work to avoid injury.
– Older workers are often discriminated against by employers.
– Working past retirement age has positive effects, such as maintaining social networks and activity levels.
– Transitioning into less-physical forms of work allows older workers to maintain a sense of purpose.
Working Poor and Poverty
– Working poor
– Employment is no guarantee of escaping poverty, as around 40% of workers are poor according to the International Labour Organization.
– In India, most of the chronically poor are wage earners in formal employment due to insecure and low-paid jobs.
– Increased labor productivity has a negative impact on job creation, leading to a rise in the number of working poor.
– Both increased employment opportunities and increased labor productivity are needed to tackle poverty.
– Quality labor market policies are being promoted to create higher productivity and reduce poverty.
Employment Relations and Impact
– Models of the employment relationship
– Scholars conceptualize the employment relationship in various ways.
– The labor market mediates conflicts of interest between employers and employees in economic theorizing.
– Human resource management theorizing assumes shared interests between employers and employees.
– Pluralist industrial relations recognize conflicts of interest as inherent in the employment relationship.
– The critical paradigm emphasizes antagonistic conflicts of interests between various groups.
– Labor unions
– Labor unions are legally recognized as representatives of workers in many industries in the United States.
– Unions engage in collective bargaining over wages, benefits, and working conditions.
– Larger unions also engage in lobbying activities and electioneering at the state and federal level.
– Most unions in America are aligned with the AFL–CIO or the Change to Win Federation.
– The AFL–CIO is especially concerned with global trade issues.
– Academic literature on employment impact of economic growth
– Growth in manufacturing and services has a positive impact on employment.
– GDP growth in agriculture has limited impact on employment, but value-added growth has a larger Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee
Employment is a relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services. Usually based on a contract, one party, the employer, which might be a corporation, a not-for-profit organization, a co-operative, or any other entity, pays the other, the employee, in return for carrying out assigned work. Employees work in return for wages, which can be paid on the basis of an hourly rate, by piecework or an annual salary, depending on the type of work an employee does, the prevailing conditions of the sector and the bargaining power between the parties. Employees in some sectors may receive gratuities, bonus payments or stock options. In some types of employment, employees may receive benefits in addition to payment. Benefits may include health insurance, housing, disability insurance. Employment is typically governed by employment laws, organisation or legal contracts.
