Copper

Characteristics and Properties of Copper
– Copper has a red-orange metallic luster.
– The standard atomic weight of copper is 63.546±0.003.
– Copper has a boiling point of 2835K (2562°C, 4643°F).
– The density of copper is 8.96g/cm³ (near room temperature).
– Copper has a thermal expansion of 16.5µm/(m⋅K) (at 25°C).
– Copper, silver, and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table.
– Copper has high ductility, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity.
– Single crystals of copper have low hardness and high ductility.
– Copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form.
– Copper has the second highest thermal conductivity among pure metals at room temperature.

Chemical Properties and Isotopes of Copper
– Copper slowly reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form a layer of copper oxide.
– Copper can form a green layer of verdigris (copper carbonate).
– Copper tarnishes when exposed to sulfur compounds, forming copper sulfides.
– Copper does not react with water.
– Galvanic corrosion can occur when copper is in contact with another metal in the presence of an electrolyte.
– There are 29 isotopes of copper.
– Two isotopes, copper-63 and copper-65, are stable and comprise approximately 69% of naturally occurring copper.
– The other isotopes of copper are radioactive.
– Copper-64 has significant applications, including its use as a radioactive tracer for positron emission tomography.
– Copper-67 and copper-61 have significant applications as well.

Occurrence, Production, and Reserves of Copper
– Copper is present in the Earth’s crust in a proportion of about 50 parts per million (ppm).
– Copper occurs in a variety of minerals, including native copper and copper sulfides.
– Copper is also found in copper sulfosalts, copper carbonates, and copper oxides.
– The largest mass of elemental copper ever discovered weighed 420 tonnes.
– Native copper is a polycrystal, with the largest single crystal described measuring 4.4 inches (11.2 cm) long.
– Chuquicamata in Chile is one of the world’s largest open pit copper mines.
– Most copper is mined from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits.
– Chile was the top producer of copper in 2005, followed by the United States, Indonesia, and Peru.
– In-situ leach process is another method of copper recovery.
– Polymetallic nodules in the Pacific Ocean are being researched as an alternative source of copper.
– More than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900.
– The total amount of copper on Earth is vast, but only a tiny fraction is economically viable.
– Estimates of copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 to 60 years.
– Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world.
– The price of copper has historically been unstable.
– Copper concentration in ores averages only 0.6%.
– Commercial ores are mostly sulfides, such as chalcopyrite and bornite.
– Copper can be extracted from polymetallic nodules through sulfuric leaching, smelting, and the Cuprion process.
– Froth flotation or bioleaching is used to concentrate copper from land ores.
– Copper is the third most recycled metal and 80% of all copper ever mined is still in use today.

Environmental Impacts and Alloys of Copper
– Copper mining has an estimated environmental cost of 3.7 kg CO2eq per kg of copper.
– Greenhouse gas emissions primarily come from electricity consumption and extraction/refinement processes.
– Mismanagement of mining waste can render land sterile and negatively impact nearby rivers and forests.
– Copper mining waste can significantly alter water properties, making it inhospitable for aquatic life.
– Overexploitation of land by mining companies can occur, as seen in the Philippines.
– Numerous copper alloys have been formulated, including brass and bronze.
– Copper is an important constituent of silver and karat gold solders.
– Some lead-free solders consist of tin alloyed with copper and other metals.
– Cupronickel is used in low-denomination coins, while an alloy of copper and nickel is resistant to corrosion.
– Alloys of copper with aluminium have a golden color and are used in decorations.

Coordination Chemistry, Organocopper Chemistry, Copper(III) and Copper(IV), and History
– Copper(II) gives a deep blue coloration with ammonia ligands.
– Copper forms coordination complexes with ligands.
– Copper(II) exists as [Cu(H)] in aqueous solution.
– Adding sodium hydroxide causes the precipitation of copper(II) hydroxide.
– Aqueous ammonia also results in the same precipitate.
– Compounds with a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds.
– Organocopper compounds can be synthesized using Grignard reagents, alkynes, or organolithium reagents.
– Organocopper compounds are important in organic synthesis for forming coupling products.
– Copper(I) acetylide is an intermediate in reactions such as the Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling.
– Organocopper compounds can achieve conjugate addition to enones and carbocupration of alkynes.
– Copper(III) is commonly found in oxides, such as potassium cuprate.
– Cuprate superconductors are extensively studied copper(III) compounds.
– Fluoride can stabilize copper(III) and copper(IV) ions.
– Some copper proteins form oxo complexes with copper(III).
– Copper(III) complexes are found as intermediates in reactions of organocopper compounds.
– Copper has been used by humans since 9000BC in the Middle East.
– Copper was one of the first metals used Source:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper

Copper (Wikipedia)

For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation).

Copper is a chemical element. It has the symbol Cu (from Latin cuprum), and the atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.

Copper, ₂₉Cu

Copper
Appearance	Red-orange metallic luster
Standard atomic weightAr°(Cu)
	63.546±0.003 63.546±0.003 (abridged)
Copper in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson – ↑ Cu ↓ Ag nickel ← copper → zinc
Atomic number (Z)	29
Group	group 11
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 1
Physical properties
Phaseat STP	solid
Melting point	1357.77 K ​(1084.62 °C, ​1984.32 °F)
Boiling point	2835 K ​(2562 °C, ​4643 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	8.935 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	8.02 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	13.26 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	300.4 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.440 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1509 1661 1850 2089 2404 2834
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: +2 −2, 0, +1, +3, +4
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.90
Ionization energies	1st: 745.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1957.9 kJ/mol 3rd: 3555 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 128 pm
Covalent radius	132±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	140 pm
Spectral lines of copper
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​face-centered cubic (fcc) (cF4)
Lattice constant	a = 361.50 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	16.64×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	401 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	16.78 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−5.46×10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus	110–128 GPa
Shear modulus	48 GPa
Bulk modulus	140 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	(annealed) 3810 m/s (at r.t.)
Poisson ratio	0.34
Mohs hardness	3.0
Vickers hardness	343–369 MPa
Brinell hardness	235–878 MPa
CAS Number	7440-50-8
History
Naming	after Cyprus, principal mining place in Roman era (Cyprium)
Discovery	Middle East (9000 BC)
Symbol	"Cu": from Latin cuprum
Isotopes of copper v e
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life(t1/2) mode pro­duct 63Cu 69.2% stable 64Cu synth 12.70 h β+ 64Ni β− 64Zn 65Cu 30.9% stable 67Cu synth 61.83 h β− 67Zn
Category: Copper view talk edit | references

Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic form. This means that copper is a native metal. This led to very early human use in several regions, from c. 8000 BC. Thousands of years later, it was the first metal to be smelted from sulfide ores, c. 5000 BC; the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, c. 4000 BC; and the first metal to be purposely alloyed with another metal, tin, to create bronze, c. 3500 BC.

Commonly encountered compounds are copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to such minerals as azurite, malachite, and turquoise, and have been used widely and historically as pigments.

Copper used in buildings, usually for roofing, oxidizes to form a green patina of compounds called verdigris. Copper is sometimes used in decorative art, both in its elemental metal form and in compounds as pigments. Copper compounds are used as bacteriostatic agents, fungicides, and wood preservatives.

Copper is essential to all living organisms as a trace dietary mineral because it is a key constituent of the respiratory enzyme complex cytochrome c oxidase. In molluscs and crustaceans, copper is a constituent of the blood pigment hemocyanin, replaced by the iron-complexed hemoglobin in fish and other vertebrates. In humans, copper is found mainly in the liver, muscle, and bone. The adult body contains between 1.4 and 2.1 mg of copper per kilogram of body weight.